Fortaleciendo la educación sexual: Actitudes de adolescentes. Estudio transversal en centros de secundaria del área sanitaria de Vigo

Abstract

This cross-sectional study analyzed the attitudes, beliefs, and sexual knowledge of adolescents enrolled in the 3rd and 4th years of secondary education (ESO) in high schools within the Vigo Health Area. Using a validated questionnaire administered to 281 participants, the study aimed to identify factors associated with sexual behavior, the level of knowledge about sexual health, and the most commonly used contraceptive methods. The main objective was to analyze adolescents' sexual attitudes and beliefs. Secondary objectives included exploring knowledge about family planning and the prevention of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), comparing knowledge by gender, and identifying the most frequently used contraceptive methods.

The study was designed as a descriptive, observational, and cross-sectional investigation. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire divided into two parts: one developed by the researchers and the other validated. Variables included sociodemographic information, sexual behaviors, substance use, and knowledge about STIs. Statistical analysis combined Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests to identify significant differences, with a significance level set at p < 0.05.

Results indicated that 51% of respondents had engaged in sexual experiences, with condoms being the most commonly used contraceptive method (65%), although 11% reported having had unprotected sex on some occasions. The average age of sexual initiation was 14 years. Furthermore, 44% of participants had consumed alcohol in the past year, and 9.6% had engaged in sexual activity under the influence of substances. Although 70% of adolescents had received sexual education, misconceptions about contraceptive methods and STI prevention persist. No significant gender differences were observed in the level of knowledge.

This study highlights significant shortcomings in adolescents' sexual education, underscoring the need to design more effective and accessible programs that incorporate digital tools and participatory approaches. Collaboration among schools, families, and healthcare professionals is essential to close these gaps, promote self-care, and prevent STIs by empowering young people to make informed decisions.